《韋氏詞典》公布2022年度熱詞
韋氏詞典公布了2022年度詞匯:Gaslighting--煤氣燈效應(一種心理操縱的形式)
煤氣燈效應:又稱煤氣燈探戈、煤氣燈操縱,煤氣燈效應描述的是一種心理操控手段,是指對受害者施加的情感虐待和操控,受害者深受施害者操控,以至于懷疑自己的記憶、感知或理智,并逐漸喪失自尊,產生自我懷疑,無法逃脫。
煤氣燈效應概念最早起源于1938年的話劇《煤氣燈》,被首次關注是來自于20世紀初期的根據話劇劇本的改編版電影《煤氣燈下》。2007年,心理學家羅賓·斯特恩(Robin Stern)結合20年的臨床經驗出版了《煤氣燈效應:遠離情感暴力和操縱狂》。該書出版之后,煤氣燈效應被廣泛地運用于心理學(尤其是臨床心理學)學科領域。后不斷延伸擴展到哲學、政治學(政治評論)等學科領域。
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In this age of misinformation—of “fake news,” conspiracy theories, Twitter trolls, and deepfakes—gaslighting has emerged as a word for our time.
A driver of disorientation and mistrust, gaslighting is “the act or practice of grossly misleading someone especially for one’s own advantage.” 2022 saw a 1740% increase in lookups for gaslighting, with high interest throughout the year.
Its origins are colorful: the term comes from the title of a 1938 play and the movie based on that play, the plot of which involves a man attempting to make his wife believe that she is going insane. His mysterious activities in the attic cause the house’s gas lights to dim, but he insists to his wife that the lights are not dimming and that she can’t trust her own perceptions.
When gaslighting was first used in the mid 20th century it referred to a kind of deception like that in the movie. We define this use as:
: psychological manipulation of a person usually over an extended period of time that causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perception of reality, or memories and typically leads to confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one's emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator
But in recent years, we have seen the meaning of gaslighting refer also to something simpler and broader: “the act or practice of grossly misleading someone, especially for a personal advantage.” In this use, the word is at home with other terms relating to modern forms of deception and manipulation, such as fake news, deepfake, and artificial intelligence.
The idea of a deliberate conspiracy to mislead has made gaslighting useful in describing lies that are part of a larger plan. Unlike lying, which tends to be between individuals, and fraud, which tends to involve organizations, gaslighting applies in both personal and political contexts. It’s at home in formal and technical writing as well as in colloquial use:
Patients who have felt that their symptoms were inappropriately dismissed as minor or primarily psychological by doctors are using the term “medical gaslighting” to describe their experiences and sharing their stories.— The New York Times, 28 March 2022
The “I’m sorry you feel that way” approach, along with avoiding an argument in lieu of admitting fault, is good old fashioned gaslighting. — Psychology Today, 29 March 2022
My Committee’s investigation leaves no doubt that, in the words of one company official, Big Oil is ‘gaslighting’ the public. These companies claim they are part of the solution to climate change, but internal documents reveal that they are continuing with business as usual. — Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, Chairwoman of the Committee on Oversight and Reform, 14 September 2022
After their fight awkwardly cleared the daybed, the two parted ways and Genevieve caught Victoria up on the unexpected blowout. “He told me I’m gaslighting him. I’ve never even been told that in my life,” Gen said. “Yeah that’s a big word to use… He doesn’t know what that means. He’s just using a buzzword, he’s stupid. He’s dumb,” Victoria replied. — Nicole Gallucci, Decider (decider.com), 2 November 2022
English has plenty of ways to say “lie,” from neutral terms like falsehood and untruth to the straightforward deceitfulness and the formally euphemistic prevarication and dissemble, to the innocuous-sounding fib. And the Cold War brought us the espionage-tinged disinformation.
In recent years, with the vast increase in channels and technologies used to mislead, gaslighting has become the favored word for the perception of deception. This is why (trust us!) it has earned its place as our Word of the Year.
oligarch:寡頭政治家 / 寡頭政治執政者
Omicron:奧密克戎(冠狀病毒變種、希臘字母表的第15個字母)
codify:編纂(背景:美國總統拜登在西班牙馬德里召開新聞發布會,表示支持通過國會投票將“羅伊訴韋德案”確立的墮胎權寫入法律)
Queen consort:英國王后(查爾斯國王的妻子卡米拉)
raid:突襲(背景:美國前總統特朗普的海湖莊園被FBI突襲搜查)
sentient:有感情的;有感覺力的(背景:谷歌公司解雇了一名軟件工程師,原因是他聲稱一款未發布的人工智能系統已經產生了意識感知能力,并將這一發現公之于眾。)
cancel culture:取消文化/廢棄文化
LGBTQIA:指女同性戀、男同性戀、雙性戀、變性者、酷兒或性別存疑、雙性人和無性戀。
loamy:肥沃的(背景:許多Wordle玩家在8月份嘗試過的詞,而那天正確的答案是“clown(小丑)”)
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